The conflict showed that both superpowers were wary of using their nuclear weapons against each other for fear of mutual atomic annihilation. with other Arab forces joining the Palestinian Arabs in attacking territory in [266] US carpet bombing lasted until 1973, and while it prevented the Khmer Rouge from seizing the capital, it also accelerated the collapse of rural society, increased social polarization,[267] and killed tens of thousands of civilians. [43], Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party. control administered by the United Nations. © 2020 by the Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University. [344] Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases. In a number of countries, the communist party simply changed its name and continued to function. "President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative proposal 25 years later: A better path chosen." Weird. [229], In answer to the Prague Spring, on 20 August 1968, the Soviet Army, together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies, invaded Czechoslovakia. [250][251][P] While declining to take a direct part in hostilities, the Soviet Union did provide the impetus for a successful Ethiopian counteroffensive to expel Somalia from the Ogaden. [249], In Chile, the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970, thereby becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas. Korkmaz, Ozgur. States did not become directly involved with the armistice negotiations, but independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity, but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges. Thus, the Soviet Union sent troops to preserve communist rule in East Germany (1953), Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968), and Afghanistan (1979). For its part, the United States helped overthrow a left-wing government in Guatemala (1954), supported an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba (1961), invaded the Dominican Republic (1965) and Grenada (1983), and undertook a long (1964–75) and unsuccessful effort to prevent communist North Vietnam from bringing South Vietnam under its rule (see Vietnam War). The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. Egypt and Jordan retained control over the Gaza Strip and the West Bank [85] Moderate and conservative parties in Europe, as well as social democrats, gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance,[86] while European and American Communists, financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations,[87] adhered to Moscow's line, although dissent began to appear after 1956. The Soviet Union began to establish left-wing governments in the countries of eastern Europe, determined to safeguard against a possible renewed threat from Germany. [166], To support his new strategy Kennedy ordered a massive increase in defense spending. Israel’s declaration of independence on May 14, 1948, was quickly recognized by the United States, the Soviet Union, and many other governments, fulfilling…, …détente were tested by the Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur War of October 1973, in which the United States supported Israel and the Soviet Union the Arabs. History of the Cold War. In February 1958, dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera (Colonel Ahmad Hussein) and North Sulawesi (Colonel Ventje Sumual) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia-Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime. [108] As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany, in early 1948, representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system. De Gaulle protested at the strong role of the United States in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom. Both countries were client states of the Soviet Union; Somalia was led by self-proclaimed Marxist military leader Siad Barre, and Ethiopia was controlled by the Derg, a cabal of military generals loyal to the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam, who had declared the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia in 1975. [125] The United States, acting through the CIA, funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world. In 1966 he withdrew France from NATO's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil. For other uses, see, 1947–1991 period of geopolitical tension between the Eastern Bloc and Western Bloc, With her brother on her back, a Korean girl trudges by a stalled American. Under separate agreements between Israel [44] Moreover, the participants' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other's hostile intentions, and to entrench their positions. Elizabeth Economy is a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution and the Senior Fellow for China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. [25] However, Stalin remained highly suspicious, and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Germany. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative, which Gorbachev wanted eliminated. These include Israel’s War of Independence and the Palestinian Nakbah, the Suez Crisis, the Six-Day War, the Yom Kippur War, and two wars in Lebanon. [29] Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement,[32][33] but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe. It failed everywhere; it was crushed when it tried to start revolutions in Germany, Bavaria, and Hungary. [279], These developments coincided with Bonn's "Ostpolitik" policy formulated by the West German Chancellor Willy Brandt,[232] an effort to normalize relations between West Germany and Eastern Europe. ), Paul (April 1968). [92] From the beginning of the post-war period, Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s, with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States, while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated. The Americans and British refused to fix a dollar amount for reparations, but they permitted the Soviets to remove some industry from their zones. A Soviet-organized government, led by Parcham's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions, filled the vacuum. "[242] These killings served US strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia. [365] Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War; interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years. The Cuban missile crisis showed that neither the United States nor the Soviet Union were ready to use nuclear weapons for fear of the other’s retaliation (and thus of mutual atomic annihilation). By the end of 1958, the rebels were militarily defeated, and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961. [286], Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse, several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified. The Soviet Army invaded. Israel and Egypt signed a cease-fire agreement in November and peace agreements on January 18, 1974. Iraq, and Egypt. This directed the US's action to only push back North Korea across the 38th Parallel and restore South Korea's sovereignty while allowing North Korea's survival as a state. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy. New York Review of Books. The Allies responded with an economic blockade against all of Russia. While all three had socialist leanings, the MPLA was the only party with close ties to the Soviet Union. 2000. http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3476876.html, Beichman, Arnold. The Cold War came to a close gradually. [41] Accordingly, the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric, and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. He sought, and Congress provided, a rapid build-up of the nuclear arsenal to restore the lost superiority over the Soviet Union—he claimed in 1960 that Eisenhower had lost it because of excessive concern with budget deficits. in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty formally ending the state of war that had existed between the two countries for 30 years. control over the territory allotted to them under the Partition Plan. The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot, but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere, despite the previous international outcry at the Pol Pot regime's gross human rights violations, representatives of Khmer Rouge were allowed to be seated in the UN General Assembly, with strong support from China and Western powers, the member countries of ASEAN, and it would become bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located on the border with Thailand. [341], On 3 December 1989, Gorbachev and George H.W. ", "Contradicting traditional assumptions, however, available declassified Soviet documents demonstrate that throughout 1949 Stalin consistently refused to approve Kim Il Sung's persistent requests to approve an invasion of South Korea. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. U.S. Department of State. Soviet forces had invaded Czechoslovakia to crush the reform movement known as the Prague Spring.
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