[135] Nigel faced a rapid response from Stephen, who made a surprise attack on the isle, forcing the Bishop to flee to Gloucester. [75] Soon after the marriage, Matilda left Geoffrey and returned to Normandy. Historians Jim Bradbury and Frank Barlow suggest that an oath was taken in 1131; Marjorie Chibnall is more doubtful that this occurred. After Stephen's wife and son died, Henry was able to negotiate succession to the throne with Stephen and, in 1154, Henry was crowned King of England. Her alliance with Henry of Blois proved short-lived and they soon fell out over political patronage and ecclesiastical policy; the Bishop transferred his support back to Stephen's cause. This is a hasty judgement based on two or three hostile English chroniclers; such evidence as there is suggests Geoffrey was at least as much to blame". [198] Matilda first played for time, then left for Normandy in early 1148, leaving the castle to Henry, who then procrastinated over its return for many years. Upon their arrival, Geoffrey turned Normandy over to Henry and retired to Anjou. [15], The couple met at Liège before travelling to Utrecht where, on 10 April, they became officially betrothed. Empress Matilda and Robert finally landed at Arundel in September 30, 1139, but as Robert marched north-west to gain further support, Stephen laid siege on Arundel Castle, trapping Matilda. Older histories suggested that Matilda of Scotland gave birth to a child in the city of Winchester in July 1101. In this treaty Henry was named heir to Stephen bypassing Stephens son William and agreeing that Stephen should remain king for the rest of his life. [248] In Germany, the chroniclers praised Matilda extensively and her reputation as the "good Matilda" remained positive. [114] Matilda had not been particularly active in asserting her claims to the throne since 1135 and in many ways it was Robert who took the initiative in declaring war in 1138. [71] Over the course of the next year, Fulk decided to depart for Jerusalem, where he hoped to become king, leaving his possessions to Geoffrey. [110] Robert renounced his fealty to the King and declared his support for Matilda, which triggered a major regional rebellion in Kent and across the south-west of England, although he himself remained in Normandy. Matilda was born on or about February 7, 1102, as the daughter of Henry I ("Henry Longshanks" or "Henry Beauclerc"), the Duke of Normandy and King of England. [81] A fresh rebellion broke out in southern Normandy, and Geoffrey and Matilda intervened militarily on behalf of the rebels. [100], In England, Stephen's reign started off well, with lavish gatherings of the royal court that saw the King give out grants of land and favours to his supporters. Smith, Elder, & co. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ga_QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false. [38] Her husband was occupied in finding a compromise with the Pope, who had excommunicated him. [106] Stephen agreed to another truce with Geoffrey, promising to pay him 2,000 marks a year in exchange for peace along the Norman borders. She used the title of Lady of the English and planned to assume the title of queen upon coronation (the custom which was followed by her grandsons, Richard and John). [108], Revolt[edit] Picture of a silver penny coin, A Matilda silver penny, minted in Oxford Matilda's half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy as well as the Earldom of Gloucester. [115], By 1139, an invasion of England by Robert and Matilda appeared imminent. [50], Initially Henry put his hopes in fathering another son. [231][232] Nonetheless, the style domina Anglorum, now rendered as "Lady of the English", remained more common in documents. …pledged to support Henry’s daughter, Matilda (q.v.
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