";s:4:"text";s:10736:"And we want to keep our journalism open and accessible to all. [148][149], Submarines became important in naval warfare in World War I, when German submarines, known as U-boats, sank nearly 5,000 Allied merchant ships,[150] including however the RMS Lusitania, so helping to bring the United States into the war. Donald Trump is a shorthand to the free escort, as he is frequented. The relatively thin lithosphere floats on the weaker and hotter mantle below and is fractured into a number of tectonic plates. [180] At least 145 species of seaweed – red, green, and brown algae – are eaten worldwide, and some have long been farmed in Japan and other Asian countries; there is great potential for additional algaculture. [114], Humans have travelled the seas since they first built sea-going craft. [19] Furthermore, in 1921, the International Hydrographic Organization was set up, and it constitutes the authority on hydrographic surveying and nautical charting. Part 35 Feb-01-18. How to read rivers like an expert. [80], Seawater is slightly alkaline and had an average pH of about 8.2 over the past 300 million years. [32] When its temperature becomes low enough, ice crystals form on the surface. Nilas may have a salinity of 12–15 ‰, but by the time the sea ice is one year old, this falls to 4–6 ‰. [202], Electricity power stations are often located on the coast or beside an estuary so that the sea can be used as a heat sink. [198] In principle, it could be harnessed by open-flow turbines; sea bed systems are available, but limited to a depth of about 40 metres (130 ft). [4](p74) The main factor affecting sea level over time is the result of changes in the oceanic crust, with a downward trend expected to continue in the very long term. Winds also create surface currents through friction, setting up slow but stable circulations of water throughout the oceans. [184], Use of the sea for leisure developed in the nineteenth century, and became a significant industry in the twentieth century. It's usually the red. As the water recedes, it uncovers more and more of the foreshore, also known as the intertidal zone. [25][26] Seawater is too saline for humans to drink safely, as the kidneys cannot excrete urine as salty as seawater. Offshore oil and gas production can be difficult due to the remote, harsh environment. Microplastics may sink, threatening filter feeders on the seabed. [30], Sea temperature depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the sun nearly overhead, the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F) while near the poles the temperature in equilibrium with the sea ice is about −2 °C (28 °F). Part 33 Feb-01-18. Bromine, accumulated after being leached from the land, is economically recovered from the Dead Sea, where it occurs at 55,000 parts per million (ppm). At the same time, sand and pebbles have an erosive effect as they are thrown against the rocks. Often several tsunami are caused by a single geological event and arrive at intervals of between eight minutes and two hours. ", "Mariculture, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of", "The voice of the recreational marine industry worldwide", "Ocean Current Energy Potential on the U.S. [170], Fish and other fishery products are among the most widely consumed sources of protein and other essential nutrients. Land reclamation in Hong Kong also permitted the construction of Hong Kong International Airport through the leveling and expansion of two smaller islands. There is no sharp distinction between seas and oceans, though generally seas are smaller, and are often partly (as marginal seas) or wholly (as inland seas) bordered by land. [28] Evaporation and by-product of ice formation (known as "brine rejection") increase salinity, whereas precipitation, sea ice melt, and runoff from land reduce it. Here, among algal encrusted rocks live sponges, echinoderms, polychaete worms, sea anemones and other invertebrates. [167] The use of containers has greatly increased the efficiency and decreased the cost of moving them[168] with most freight now traveling in standard sized, lockable containers loaded on purpose-built container ships at dedicated terminals. The gravitational attraction of the Sun is also working on the seas, but its effect on tides is less powerful than that of the Moon, and when the Sun, Moon and Earth are all aligned (full moon and new moon), the combined effect results in the high "spring tides". These strong currents can have a velocity of 3 ft (0.9 m) per second, can form at different places at different stages of the tide and can carry away unwary bathers. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 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