Methods 10, 1116–1121.
Genome-wide crossover distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana meiosis reveals sex-specific patterns along chromosomes. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829, Jinek, M., East, A., Cheng, A., Lin, S., Ma, E., and Doudna, J. Biochemical characterization of the interaction between the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH2-MSH6 complex and mispaired bases in DNA.
The simplicity and flexibility of the system come from its targeting component, the guide RNA (gRNA), which directs the endonuclease Cas9 to the intended DNA region. A connecting link in plants between H3K36me3, or any histone mark, and MMR has not yet been identified but cannot be excluded.
The possibility of making heritable changes through the use of germline genome editing moves the conversation away from individual-level concerns and toward significantly more complex technical, social, and religious concerns regarding the appropriateness of this degree of intervention in nature and the potential effects of such changes on acceptance of children born with disabilities.
3. Plant Genomics 2011:314829. doi: 10.1155/2011/314829, Soyk, S., Lemmon, Z. H., Oved, M., Fisher, J., Liberatore, K. L., Park, S. J., et al. Rev. Although editing of an individual’s germline (reproductive) cells has been achieved in animals, there are major technical challenges to be addressed in developing this technology for safe and predictable use in humans. 77, 353–359. Theor. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.05.013, Wang, H., La Russa, M., and Qi, L. S. (2016). Chem. Natl. (2017). For example, Li et al. Genome-editing methods based on protein recognition of specific DNA sequences, such as those involving the use of meganucleases, ZFNs, and TALENs, are already being tested in several clinical trials for application in human gene therapy, and recent years have seen the development of a system based on RNA recognition of such DNA sequences. Disease resistance is a major target trait for improvement, and CRISPR/Cas9 offers new opportunities to fix existing alleles, to perform introgression-by-editing of alleles from wild populations or related species, and to create de novo alleles. Targeted genome modification of crop plants using a CRISPR-Cas system. The carrier delivers the genetic material to organs where cell modifications is required for the treatment. Public discussion also is needed to explore social impacts, both real and anticipated, as governance policy for such applications is developed. Policy in this area will require a careful balancing of cultural norms, the physical and emotional well-being of children, parental autonomy, and the ability of regulatory systems to prevent inappropriate or abusive applications. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.
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