The partitioning of the Empire by the victorious Allies and the ensuing Turkish War of Independence led to the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the birth of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1922. The empire came into existence at the end of the thirteenth century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was Osman I. [2] The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. [11], Although absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. [7] Beginning in the last decades of the sixteenth century, the role of the Ottoman sultans in the government of the empire began to decrease, in a period known as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire. [4] In several European languages, he was referred to as the Grand Turk, as the rule of the Turks. Continuingly, the tughras were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by Ottoman sultans. Support us. Fatih Cyprus (The Conqueror of Cyprus) Creators of animated historical documentaries. [a] He was theoretically responsible only to God and God's law (the Islamic شریعت şeriat, known in Arabic as شريعة sharia), of which he was the chief executor. The "Notes" column contains information on each sultan's parentage and fate. According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks. or The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. Forced to return to the throne following a, Deposed due to his mental instability in favour of his young nephew, Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew, Deposed due to his poor mental health and confined until his death in, Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the, Deposed on 8 November 1687 following the Ottoman defeat at the. Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later. He was the supreme military commander and had the official title to all land. [17] Agnatic seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate, despite unsuccessful attempts in the 19th century to replace it with primogeniture. [13], Constitutionalism was established during the reign Abdul Hamid II, who thus became the empire's last absolute ruler and its reluctant first constitutional monarch. Kings and Generals #Politics and Power War and Greed Ottoman Wars | Siege of Vienna (1529) As the Ottoman sultan Suleiman won the battle of Mohacs in 1529 and managed to take over most of Hungary, but this now he was facing the might of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Habsburg dynasty. Sarhoş (The Drunk), (The Unifier of Dīn (Islam) The empire came into existence at the end of the thirteenth century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was Osman I.According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks. [1], The Ottoman Empire's early years have been the subject of varying narratives due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend. Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power, along with rising threats from Janissaries. [7] Osman (died 1323/4) son of Ertuğrul was the first ruler of the Ottoman state, which during his reign constituted a small principality (beylik) in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire. Navigation Administered at first from the city of Söğüt since before 1280 and then from the city of Bursa since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople (now known as Edirne in English) in 1363 following its conquest by Murad I, and then to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) in 1453 following its conquest by Mehmed II. [6] All offices were filled by his authority, and every law was issued by him in the form of a decree called firman (فرمان). The Oneness of Islam), CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, Names of the sultan in languages used by ethnic minorities, Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire, Hatt-ı Sharif (Imperial Edict) of Gülhane, Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Reform Edict), "The Race, Religions, and Government of the Ottoman Empire", "Website of the 700th Anniversary of the Ottoman Empire", "Official website of the immediate living descendants of the Ottoman Dynasty", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&oldid=982273038, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Acquired the control of the eastern part of the Anatolian territory as the Co-Sultan just after the defeat of the, Became the sole ruler of the Anatolian territory of the, Abdicated of his own free will in favour of his son. [14] Although Abdul Hamid II abolished the parliament and the constitution to return to personal rule in 1878, he was again forced in 1908 to reinstall constitutionalism and was deposed. The Ottoman Empire was an absolute monarchy during much of its existence. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from Hungary in the north to Yemen in the south, and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east. Kings & Generals.
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