transition to intensive agriculture was originally made possible by water
for wealth to be accumulated by individuals and passed on to their descendants
Much manual labour is needed in land clearance to produce food for a few people. reduce labor
In many parts of continental South-East Asia such as the Dry Zone of Myanmar, the Korat Plateau of Thailand and the interior regions of Indo-China, the annual precipitation is too low for wet padi cultivation, and the substitute crops are millet, maize and groundnuts grown together with cotton, sugarcane and oil-seeds. mechanized
expended in building houses that would last for generations.
But in those parts where density of population is relatively high, at least two crops in a year is .the usual practice and the same piece of land is sown season after season and generation after generation.
The economic and political
Ploughing is done with the help of buffaloes, oxen, mules and horses. In these countries, the density of population is higher than that of the industrial countries of Europe and America. The resultant economy is thus static with little chance for improvement, but there is a high degree of rural independence because farmers are not tied to landlords or to trading centres.
From primitive gathering, some people have taken a step ‘upward’ on the economic ladder by learning the art of domesticating plants and their economy has moved into primitive cultivation. This pattern of frequent
industrialization of farming in the richer nations. Intensive Farming: Subsistence farming: farming in which farmers cultivate crops in small fields but in a most effective way: farming in which generally poor farmers cultivate crops in a very small piece of land: use of fertilizers and pesticides: no fertilizers or pesticides: use of irrigation: no irrigation: very good variety of seeds: seeds of poor quality Individual peasants grow crops mainly to support their own families, though there is some surplus for sale in some areas. Although the nature of this agriculture has changed and in many areas now it is no more subsistence.
world wide within a few years. Today the common pattern is a nuclear
disparities gave rise to economic class distinctions and non-egalitarian
societies. emerge, this concept of ownership had to be replaced over time by one in which
to other subsistence patterns. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Though methods are equally intensive and farming is done on a subsistence basis, a very wide range of other crops are raised. In Myanmar, Thailand and peninsular India, millets, maize and pulses are the dominating cereal crops as soil moisture in these areas is not conducive for the cultivation of paddy.
Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1.
community once the children grow up. (v) Few crops are raised in the ladings.
In this agricultural typology, the size of holding is generally very small. Machines have been developed recently which can work on the flooded plains for ploughing and hoeing. These are kept very narrow to save space. Copyright 10. Copyright © 2001-2006 by Dennis
oil products for the international market.
Beginning about 5,000 years ago, the
Farming in both the wet lowlands and the terraced uplands is, therefore, very intensive to support the dense population of teeming million. The
Crop rotation is also practised in some places and greater attention is given to the land and the crops sown. Thus, despite the fact that little attention is given to the crops when they are once planted, no other form of farming is so wasteful of human energy and so unrewarding as shifting cultivation.
(v) Dominance of padi and other food crops: Padi is the most dominating crop produced in intensive subsistence agriculture. Methods of tillage are more intensive, though crude hand implements are often still used and there is a greater employment of manpower in the fields. The primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is characterised by the following features: (i) Sites for the ladang are usually selected in the virgin forest by the experienced elders. But due to differences in relief, climate, soil and other geographical factors, it is not practicable to grow padi in many parts of Monsoon Asia. The nature of this agriculture has changed upto a large extent in many areas and it is no longer subsistence form of agriculture. An average farm in Japan is 0.6 hectare, and in some parts of Kerala and West Bengal it is even smaller. A
ancient civilizations became rigidly divided into social classes.
One is dominated by wet paddy and the other is dominated by crops other than paddy, e.g., wheat, pulses, maize, millets, sorghum, kaoling, soya-beans, tubers and vegetables. Prohibited Content 3. Nowadays machinery has been developed which is capable of working in the flooded fields and separate machines can plough, plant and harvest the padi. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: A type of agriculture characterized by high output per unit of land and relatively low output per worker is called as ‘intensive subsistence agriculture’.
This form of agriculture is best developed in and practically confined to the monsoon lands of Asia.
amounts of hand labor
Many more animals are kept, including buffaloes, swine and horses, and animals are used for drought purposes on the farm as well as to supply milk or meat. As long as its major purpose is fulfilling needs of its producers it remains subsistence farming. development of intensive farming methods became necessary as the human
The farm implements are often very simple. Traditional West African
Intensive
city to city and even country to country every few years.
first intensive agricultural societies were the ancient civilizations in
transition to intensive agriculture brought with it a number of inevitable major social
The basic tools are simple ploughs, the cangkul, a kind of spade, and hoes.
long term community roots. in North America (an example of expensive
combustion engines and the availability of commercially produced fertilizers,
rather than returned to the society for redistribution. There is an increasing emphasis
Content Guidelines 2. In intensive subsistence farming farmers produce for their own consumption whereas in commercial farming production is mainly for the market. Plantations are
whole.
Some small surpluses may be either exchanged by barter or sold for cash. The main characteristics of the intensive subsistence agriculture are as follows: Farms have been subdivided through many generations so they have become extremely small and often uneconomic to run. pesticides, and herbicides.
job related migrations is now occurring across the globe. The
Farming is so intensive that double- or treble- cropping is practised, that is, several crops are grown on the same land during the course of a year.
require international trade on a global scale to acquire them. An individual keeps the property only so long as it is being used. Content Filtrations 6.
TOS 7. This is partly for historical reasons as most shifting cultivators have been forced into less favourable areas by the expansion of more advanced farmers into the lower and better lands. Many
Primitive farming is the oldest form of agriculture and still prevalent in some areas of the world.
Egypt, Mesopotamia (now Iraq and eastern Syria), India and Pakistan, North China, Mesoamerica, and Western South America.
Strong pressures of reciprocity
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